Revision as of 01:12, 5 August 2008

Growing yeast from a plate (petri dish) allows the brewer to select only a few single cell growth colonies. By doing so a pure culture can be obtained even if the starting culture was questionable. But because the number of yeast cells is very small during the first few steps, a sterile environment is necessary.

The same procedure can also be used to propagate yeast stored on a slant. Instead of picking a colony from a plate, simply scoop up some yeast from the slant and use that to inoculate the 1st stage starter volume.

What is needed?

• petri dish with yeast colonies (Yeast Cultures on Petri Dishes)
• inoculation loop
• flame source. (Bunsen burner, alcohol lamp, blow torch or gas stove)
• vial with sterile starter wort

Before you start

Make sure that there is no daft or other air movement in your working area. This could blow contaminants into your cultures. Loosen the cap of the vial or tube containing the 1st stage starter wort. This should pull in some air. Tighten the cap again and give it a shake to dissolve some of the oxygen. Since sterility is most important at this stage do not oxygenate the wort with other means that could spoil it. The yeast will grow even without lots of O₂.

Undo the tape that keeps the petri dish closed, but keep the lid on.

Using the flame source sterilize the inoculation loop by starting from its end and pulling it slowly through the flame. All parts of the loop that may come in contact with the vial, wort or culture should have been glowing red. After that open the vial and stick the loop into the wort to cool it off. Otherwise you are going to fry the colonies that you are going to pick next.

Picking Colonies

In order to ensure that you are only using yeast colonies that have grown from a single yeast cell only consider single round colonies of yeast. Yeas colonies are off-white with dull looking surface. Some of your streaks on the plate should have produced such colonies.

Using the sterile inoculation loop pick one colony at a time and place them into the wort in the vial. Repeat this until you have picked a few colonies. You could also pick only one. This would give you a pitch of yeast grown from a single cell. But I like to mix it up with a few colonies. Close the plate and the vial. If you look at the bottom of the vial, you can see the colonies.

You can also grow yeast from a slant. But since there are no distinct colonies on a slant you simply pick up some of the yeast "lawn" with an inoculation loop and transfer that into the 1st step medium. The rest of the propagation process is identical. This saves the step of streaking yeast on a plate when I can trust the purity and viability of the culture on the slant.

1st stage propagation

Place the vial in a warm location (18-25 C / 70-80F) for 2 days. During that time you want to keep the cap on only loosely to let the CO2 escape. Not only are you risking a sudden foam-up when opening the vial by keeping the cap closed tightly, but also are you retarding the yeast growth. Like alcohol, CO2 is toxic to yeast and the yeast prefers the level of CO2 to be low. After days you should see a small kraeusen and some yeast sediment developing. When you shake up the vial (don't forget to close it and re-open it slowly) it will be more milky than before. This is a sign that yeast is gowing. If not, make sure it is warm enough and give it a few more days. If after longer waiting nothing is happening, the yeast was dead.

2nd Stage Propagation

Once there is some yeast sediment in the vial and the sample looks cloudy when shaken up, it's time to step it up again. For the 2nd stage I'm still using sterile wort. But this time a larger amount that has been canned in a baby food jar. Crack the seal and let some air in. Close it again and shake it up to dissolve some oxygen. Also shake up the vial, open it and flame its opening before dumping it into the 2nd stage wort. Let this ferment for another 2 days at a warm spot.

3rd Stage Propagation

Once the 2nd stage shows a kraeusen and an increased amount of sediment it's time to move onto ~400 ml (12 oz) of starter size. To prepare this stage I add some water, stir bar and a pinch of yeast nutrient to a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cap with aluminum foil and boil on the stove. After 10 min of boiling I let it cool down and add canned wort. You want the final wort gravity to be between 8 and 10 *P (1.032 and 1.040 SG). At this gravity the yeast will have enough fermentables while not being stressed. In particular the Crabtree-effect, which causes the yeast to ferment even in the presence of oxygen, doesn't happen.

Since the yeast population is large enough to fend off small contaminations, it is now safe to oxygenate the wort with an oxygen system.

To pitch the yeast into the starter, open the 2nd stage vessel, wipe down its rim with an alcohol wipe and pour a sip into a glass. Close the 2nd stage vessel again and sample the bit you put into the glass. If it doesn't taste nasty and/or overly sour your yeast culture is still pure and you are fine to keep propagating it. Rouse the sediment and pour the rest into the Erlenmeyer flask and cap with aluminum foil.

Place the flask on a stir plate. This and subsequent propagation stages can be done at room temperature or slightly above fermentation temperature. If I have time I choose fermentation temperature as this gives the yeast the ability to get used to working at lower temperatures and there won't be a shock when the yeast is pitched. But room temperature works fine too. Let it go until you see the starter getting cloudy and develop a Krauesen.

4th Stage

Once the 400ml starter is sufficiently cloudy it can be pitched into 1600ml starter to make 2l. Aerate well and put it back on the stir plate and aerate occasionally. With a starter of that size, the stir plate doesn't do a very good job of aerating it. After a few days (faster when done at room temperature) it will be done fermenting. Now let the yeast settle out and decant the starter beer. If more yeast is desired add fresh wort, aerate and continue stirring.

Examples

Here are some examples of yeast propagation that I have experienced