Weissbier Hell
 One of the most enjoyable summer times beer is a good Weissbier. Here is a basic recipe that I enjoy brewing at least once or twice per year. This type of beer is also known as Hefeweizen or Weizenbier. However, though Weissbier and Weizenbier look similar their names stem from different characteristics of the beer. Weissbier refers to the "white" color of the beer even though the dark variety is also called Weissbier. But instead of being called "Weissbier Hell" (hell is german for light) they would be called "Weissbier Dunkel" (dunkel means dark). Outside southern Germany those beers tend to be called Weizenbier or Hefeweizen which refers to the fact that they are brewed with wheat (Weizen in German) and oftentimes contain yeast (Hefe in German). In order to be called a Weissbier or Hefeweizen in Germany the grist has to contain at least 50% wheat. Wheat is allowed in German brewing only when a top fermenting yeast is used. Bottom fermented beers are brewed exclusively from barley malt. While Weissbiers derive their characteristic from flavors that are considered off-flavors in most other styles they are not necessarily easy to brew well. Mostly because a good Weissbier needs to show a balance between these flavors.
ContentsWaterThe water for a Weissbier Hell should be soft and have a residual alkalinity of 0. Here is a simple water recipe for brewers who build their own water:
(50 mg/L Ca; 0 mg/L Mg; 0 mg/L Na; 57 mg/L SO4; 43 mg/L Cl; 0 mg/L HCO3) You may also use a water recipe that mimics the water at the brewing school Weihenstephan. Grist
HopsOne addition of German hops worth about 40 mg/l alpha acid in the kettle full wort. This is about 1 g alpha acid in 25 l (6.6 gal) or 10 g 10% alpha acid hops in 25 l. The hops may be added before or after the wort comes to a boil. Boil time is 70 min. YeastWyeast 3068, propagated to yield about 50-70 g loose yeast slurry. Mash[[Infusion_Mashing#Hochkurz_Mash]|Hochkurz Mash]]: Use a mash thickness of about 4 l/kg or 2 qt/lb. If you are using a hot water infusion to move from the maltose rest to the dextrinization rest aim for that mash thickness at the dextrinizaton rest. The mash out can be skipped if reaching it is too difficult.
An alternate mash option is the addition of a ferulic acid rest at 45 C (113 F) for 45 min. This rest emphasizes the ferulic acid esterase which increases the ferulic acid content of the wort. This ferulic acid, which is present in both wheat and barley malt, is converted to 4-Vinylguaiacol (4VG) by the Weissbier yeast. 4VG gives the beer the clove flavor and aroma. If this rest is used the acidulated malt should be added once the Maltose rest temp is reached since the ferulic acid esterase has a pH optimum that is above 5.7. The higher pH also limits the activity of the protoelytic enzymes. But even without this rest I have been able to brew great Weissbiers that have a lot of the characteristic clove flavor and most of the time I use the aforementioned Hochkurz mash. This mash can be conducted as a decoction, infusion or direct heated step mash. BoilBoil for 60-70 min and aim for a total boil-off of 10-15%. When the wort is standing hot for a while after flame-out it might be necessary to boiil up to 90 min to reduce the potential of creating too much DMS during that time. Chill too 13-15 C (55-60 F) and aerate to about 8 ppm oxygen. Primary fermentationPitch the yeast into the cold wort and mix it in well. Make sure to pull a sample for a Fast Ferment Test and allow the temperature to rise to 16-17 C (62-64F) where is should be held steady for the duration of the primary fermentation. Attaching a blow-off tube is advisable and necessary to remove the brown Kraeusen. The latter gives the beer a harsh taste if it is allowed to fall back into the beer. Fermenting the beer too warm (20+ C/ 68+ F) may result in a more estery beer but oftentimes also in a beer that tastes thin and contains an excessive amount of higher alcohols. On occasions brewers hear of this German rule of thumb that the pitching and fermentation temperature of a Weissbier should add up to 30. This is a rule that existed but it has been misinterpreted. The reference that I found for this rule refered to the pitching temperature and the ambient temperature of the fermentation room. It was intend to keep the fermentation temperature from rising above 18 C (64 F) when small open fermented were used that were not temperature controlled [Narziss, 2005]. It is clear that this rule can not necessarily applied to home brewing but, as with all beers, it is advisable to pitch Weissbiers below fermentation temperature. The primary fermentation will take 3-5 days and is completed when the beer has either reached the final gravity of the Fast Ferment Test. If bottle conditioning is used the primary fermentation may also be considered complete if the gravity of the beer is within ~0.7-0.8 Plato (~ 3 gravity points) of the FFT's final gravity. MaturationLower the beer temperature to about 10 C (50 F) to allow most of the yeast to settle. The beer should be kept at this temperature for 7 to 10 weeks. After that time it may be transferred to a serving keg and carbonated or bottled and bottle conditioned. Bottle conditioningFor bottle conditioning I prepare Kraeusen that is added to the beer before is it bottled. This ensures plenty of healthy yeast for quick conditioning. For bottling with Kraeusen refer to this article: Kraeusening. If the beer contains residual fermentable sugar (i.e. its gravity os higher than the final gravity of the fast ferment test, you can calculate the necessary Kraeusen and extract/sugar additions with the carbonation calculation spreadsheet (US units|metric). Allow the bottles to condition at ~20-22 C (68-72 F) for about 7-10 days. The progress of carbonation can be evaluated by opening a bottle and testing its gravity. If it reached the final gravity of the FFT the conditioning process is complete. Then store them at cellar temperature and enjoy at a serving temperature of 6-8 C (45-46 F)
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